Every year, climate-vulnerable countries, including Bangladesh, face severe cyclones and floods. And every year, the world looks forward to the United Nations' annual Conference of the Parties (COP) with a hope. A hope that representatives from all nations will come together to align their priorities, and make decisive commitments to safeguard people and the planet. In Solidarity for a Green World,  COP 29 was held in Baku, Azerbaijan with a focus on finance. This COP was particularly special for me because I founded Green Lead with a mission of leading for a green world. It reflects my personal and organizational belief towards ‘green leadership’ - that we need to tackle the climate crisis. The conference began on November 11 in Baku, Azerbaijan- a country located between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains and spans both Asia and Europe. With a central focus on climate finance, this year's conference was built on two pillars. Firstly, to “enhance ambition” by encouraging countries to adopt bold and transparent national plans. Secondly, to "enable action" by focusing on implementing commitments through financing, emissions reduction, adaptation to climate change, and addressing loss and damage. As a first-time participant, I have tried to explore and gain a holistic understanding of the processes and stakeholders. I attended a session on the Global Stocktake (GST), which evaluates countries' progress toward the Paris Agreement goals. I also joined a meeting on mitigation, where I listened to key statements from the Bangladeshi delegation. On November 13, I participated in a "Capacity2Action: Youth Climate Talks" panel at the Saleemul Huq Action Research Exchange Hub (SHARE) Hub. Alongside representatives from Nepal and China, I shared insights on Green Lead’s activities in Bangladesh and learned about other climate initiatives. I urged everyone to take action against the climate crisis in their own capacity—whether through climate career or entrepreneurship—to build a climate-resilient green world. Later, I joined "Youth Gathering – To Build a New Civilization", hosted by the Government of Bangladesh at COP 29 with youths from several countries. Dr. Muhammad Yunus, the Chief Advisor, engaged with us during this event. He told us, “You must dream. Dreams are the most powerful driving force in life. If you dream, there is a chance of making a big change in life. But if you don’t dream, I can guarantee it will never happen.” His words inspired us to dream big and work towards achieving them. The summit has been dubbed the "Finance COP," where developing countries advocated for a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG). In response, developed nations pledged to contribute at least $300 billion annually to support adaptation efforts. However, former U.S. Vice President and founder of the Climate Reality Project, Al Gore, remarked, “While the agreement reached at COP29 avoids immediate failure, it is far from a success. On key issues like climate finance and the transition away from fossil fuels, this is—yet again—the bare minimum.” COP 29 concluded with a compromise. But in the face of an existential crisis, a bare minimum approach is simply not enough. The countries worldwide continue to suffer disproportionately and the intensity of these impacts will only increase. Yet, we are done with the 29th conference and the commitment to support frontline communities remains insufficient. However, I believe optimism is our only choice. We must support these communities by utilizing every resource at our disposal. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated, “This agreement provides a base on which to build. It must be honored in full and on time. Commitments must quickly become cash. All countries must come together to ensure the top end of this new goal is met.” On one hand, we must continue our efforts to influence negotiations from Baku to Belém. On the other hand, disasters will not wait for decisions. They will continue to hit hard and impact lives across the globe. So we must enhance our capacity and build resilience using the resources available to us. Through my interactions with stakeholders from around the world, I have come to understand the power of solidarity in addressing the climate crisis. I was particularly inspired by the unwavering determination of young people. They have been working tirelessly to make their voices heard from COPs to their communities. As we move forward on the road from Baku to Belém, our solidarity and commitment to action will shape the future. The truth is climate change is accelerating faster than our collective response. So we cannot afford to compromise when human lives are at stake on such a vast scale. Let us hold on to the hope and demonstrate green leadership to rise above this crisis. Written by Md. Fahim Hossain Founder, Green Lead, and a Climate Reality Leader. He can be reached at fahim@greenleadglobal.org   About Green Lead: Green Lead is a non-profit organization enabling climate action through green leadership. More details can be found at www.greenleadglobal.org

Image Courtesy: iStock As you read this, India is officially chairing the G20 presidency, and the world is looking forward to this developing country on how it makes a transition in variety of domains including clean energy. Looking at the number of natural disasters that have occurred in the last year, especially in our region, it is quite clear that climate change has transformed into a catastrophic issue. No country, whether developed or developing, has been spared from the calamities taking place across the globe. The intensity of these disasters is increasing, as are their after-effects. Energy requirements are a major contributor to overall emissions and, while every country and its citizens have the right to progress for their own well-being, access to energy is fundamental to achieving this. On one hand, we see a rise in the use of fossil fuels due to changes in the world order. On the other hand, this energy crisis provides an opportunity to brainstorm ways to accelerate our transition towards greener fuels. Finding the middle path to achieve this energy transition in a sustainable manner is the key to success, akin to the Buddha’s middle path. India stands at a unique doorway, where it has removed millions from energy poverty and has also brought forward a major section of its population to adopt clean fuel (for cooking) as well; seems a small task but when we collate the overall emissions, it forms a major chunk of the pie. What else? This demand for new energy has led to scouting for newer forms of energy, and today we can proudly say that 40% energy mix comes from non-fossil fuels. This makes us stand as the world’s fourth-largest renewable energy market. However, these avenues are still not up to the mark with what India’s growth trajectory needs. We need more and at a much faster pace as we are against the timelines with respect to climate change; now the question is how to achieve this goal of faster transition. Image Courtesy: Adege, Pixabay Decentralization — The loss in transmission and distribution is still among the highest in the world, resulting in significant losses. However, decentralizing energy generation and promoting local usage can be a game-changer in the overall scheme of things. A few years ago, a central grid failure occurred due to a supply mismatch from all the regional grids. While the architecture has improved significantly and can handle such situations, promoting local generation and usage can be a step in the right direction. The 2300 and 2000 MW capacity solar-based power plants in Rajasthan and Karnataka serve as proof of the success of such a green transition. Finance — The channels created under the umbrellas of Green Climate Fund and World Bank’s line of credit are already operational, but the overall funds to facilitate a ‘Just Transition’ for developing countries remain insufficient. The commitments made by ‘Polluters of the past’ are inadequate and, even if made, are often not honored as intended. To achieve a fair and equitable world, it is crucial to transfer funds and technology. Banks like SBI and SIDBI look after green finance for clean energy and energy efficiency in local contexts, particularly for factories and manufacturing enterprises. However, accessing these loans remains a daunting task. Secured energy future — The current events worldwide are shaping our immediate priorities. The ongoing war between two nations is an example of how the entire EU is shifting back to fossil fuels, disregarding the commitments made at international forums like the CoP. Another concerning issue is the categorization of fuels based on their ease of use. For instance, some consider gas to be a clean fuel, but in reality, it involves fracking, which is a process that releases heavy emissions. To achieve a more collaborative world order, it is essential to ensure equitable access to minerals and the free flow of knowledge. Community involvement — Lastly, every action we take should prioritize the planet. Every individual and organization should consider how their actions can benefit Mother Earth. The emphasis of Mission LiFE is to inspire the wider world with sustainable actions. The energy transition should create more jobs, particularly green jobs at the local level (remember, decentralization is the key). The workforce entering the job market must acquire newer skill sets to take advantage of these opportunities. SDG–7 speaks it loud and clear. How we can “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”. Having the world’s youngest population and providing solutions to the world in every form and format, would be a true achievement in the times to come. About the Author Bhavesh Swami is an energy advocate who envisions India to tread on sustainability by having reliance on renewable energy solutions. Currently, he is working as the Lead — Energy in The Climate Reality Project — India & South Asia branch. He has more than seventeen years of experience working with national/international development agencies, multilateral organizations like World Bank and Global Environment Facility (The GEF), Govt bodies, finance, policy institutes, and NGOs in various capacities. He helped set the ball rolling for NCR’s biggest Renewable Energy Park in Gurgaon, a collective effort by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the Haryana Government, and ADEME, The French Development Agency. Working on the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Govt. of India project, he helped percolate benefits of resource efficiency among the Indian SME fraternity. His project with Indian industries has helped reduce 2 million tons of CO2 over its cumulative timeframe. These efforts got featured in India’s submission at UNFCCCs at Cop15 as a ‘Project worth emulating’. He is a Climate Reality leader, Mentor lead and keeps an active engagement with a range of stakeholders including students, teachers, high-level govt. officials and civic society representatives at national and international levels on the subject of clean energy and climate change.

Its a mixed bag of progress.. Image Courtesy: Author The recent Bonn Climate Negotiations, officially known as the 60th sessions of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) (SB60), delivered a mixed bag of outcomes. While progress was made on technical discussions about adaptation and mitigation strategies, a major sticking point remains: climate finance. Stalemate on Climate Finance Threatens Progress Developed countries continue to fall short of the $100 billion annual target set by the Paris Agreement, leaving developing countries frustrated and struggling to access critical funding for climate action. Negotiations are underway to establish a new "collective quantified goal" (NCQG) to replace the $100 billion target after 2025. However, significant disagreements persist regarding the amount and type of funding. Developing countries' demands:  Trillions of dollars annually, with a focus on public funds from developed nations and addressing climate debt. Developed countries' approach:  A broader approach that includes private sector investments and expanding the donor base to include wealthy developing countries. They also resist specific financial targets, citing concerns about changing governments disrupting climate finance plans. These contrasting perspectives remain a major speedbraker for progress on other fronts. Resources from   https://climatenetwork.org/updates/press-releases/  (Climate Action Network) highlight the frustration of developing countries and the urgency for a solution. Adaptation Efforts: Inchworm Progress with Hiccups A framework for adaptation efforts, the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), was agreed upon at the previous conference, which creates a foundation for roadmap. However, discussions on practical implementation, particularly measuring progress on adaptation, stalled due to disagreements over financial indicators: Developing countries' stance:  Funding to be a core metric, as access to finance is crucial for implementing adaptation strategies. Developed countries' resistance:  Specific financial targets are avoided, focusing on equity and shared responsibility for adaptation. A compromise acknowledging this was reached, but further discussions are needed to establish a clear methodology for tracking progress. Delays in receiving financial support for National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) further hinder developing countries' ability to plan and implement effective adaptation strategies. Image Courtesy: Author Mitigation: Unresolved Issues on Fossil Fuel Transition No agreement was reached on draft conclusions for the Mitigation Ambition and Implementation Work Programme (MWP). The focal point here is whether the program should address the global stocktake call for a shift away from fossil fuels. Developed countries' stance:  The MWP should reflect the stocktake outcomes, emphasizing the need for ambitious mitigation efforts. Developing countries' resistance:  New targets or burdens are seen as hindering their development. This highlights the ongoing tension between ambitious climate action and concerns about economic development in fossil fuel-dependent countries. Just Transition Work Programme: A Stalled Engine in Need of Spark Disagreements regarding the focus of the Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP) resurfaced at Bonn. Developed countries see JTWP as job-centric:  Focusing on creating jobs in the clean energy sector during the transition away from fossil fuels. Developing countries advocate for a broader view:  Encompassing social justice and environmental sustainability to ensure a just transition for all stakeholders. Additionally, no concrete work plan was agreed upon, highlighting the need for stronger leadership and compromise from the developed nations. A more inclusive approach that addresses the concerns of all stakeholders is crucial for ensuring establishment of just transition. Looking Ahead: A Critical COP29 in Azerbaijan Despite the limited progress in Bonn, the fight against climate change continues. The upcoming COP29 in Azerbaijan, a major fossil fuel producer, presents unique challenges and opportunities. Hence, securing a new global climate finance goal and fostering international cooperation on a larger scale will be critical for the conference's success. Concerns surrounding Azerbaijan's role in the fossil fuel industry underscore the urgent need for a genuine commitment to a clean energy transition. Conclusion: Building Momentum for COP29 The Bonn Climate Talks (SB60) served as a crucial stepping stone towards COP29. While progress was limited, technical discussions advanced, and the urgency of addressing climate finance was reiterated. Bridging the gap between developed and developing countries on financing will be essential for a successful COP29. Strong leadership, increased ambition, and a commitment to a just transition are critical to achieving a more sustainable future for all. (This article presents the author's analysis and insights on the The Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB60) and not those of the publisher.) Image Courtesy: Author Resources: From the UNFCCC website ( https://unfccc.int/news/bonn-climate-conference-closes-with-progress-on-key-issues-laying-groundwork-for-cop28 ) Carbon Brief ( https://www.carbonbrief.org/bonn-climate-talks-key-outcomes-from-the-june-2023-un-climate-conference/ ) provide further details on the discussions and challenges at SB60. About the Author Vikrant Srivastava is a Climate Reality Leader, who is actively following the progress of all COP editions. He is a youth voice for sustainable planet.

What appeared to be a home to those happy birds, is now nothing but a cluster of hanging plastic bags. A tree with weaver birds’ nests in the village (Image Courtesy: Author) As we made our way through the vibrant streets of Delhi amidst towering skyscrapers and blaring traffic, a sense of frustration and disdain toward the air quality and traffic jams began to grow within us. Despite being mid-April, the sun was already out with full might, making it a sweaty day and giving an early warning of the heat wave that is predicted to hit later this summer. The relief from the sweltering heat came to an end when our eyes turned towards a banyan tree under which sat an old man selling coconut water. My friend and I walked to the man for the refreshing drink and looked for a reason to stand a bit longer under the cool shade. Even the warm late morning breeze under the tree became no less than a cooler gust, thanks to the sweat and the coconut in hand. A minute of relaxing sent our minds wondering about why we do not have this cool arrangement all along the roads. The stark reality of urban planning flashed before us; it often goes unnoticed how we have shaped or rather de-shaped nature in the urban context. It's like we have forgotten our culture that revolved around the trees. In today’s urban world they have been given space only in the aesthetic terrace pots, artistic hedges and if necessary a few worshiping tokens scattered here and there in the city. We never gave space to the greenery in our tussle to make larger concrete jails for ourselves. Sometimes it makes us wonder if this continues for the coming generation or if we can change the status quo of our cities. The urban population is often considered to be well-educated, behaved, and aware, but we often tend to forget some things that can never be taught in school or college, for they are taught by the deeper instinct of observation and learning. The sensitivity and attitude toward the environment are one such thing. No matter how many books the students have studied on the importance of trees and protecting them, they cannot be translated into action. For there are not many trees in urban areas, to begin with, and secondly, they lack the sensitivity that comes from witnessing their presence in society. A tree with beautiful plastic decorated by responsible citizens (Image Courtsey: Author) Do you remember seeing some tall and other shady giants that were always full of chirping birds, squirrels, and playful children? The summer brought the extra pleasure of the cool shade of mango trees, accompanied by the joy of plucking the unripe fruits. In today’s busy world with hectic schedules, we seem to have lost the humane touch or sensitivity for nature. We seem to have forgotten how to be sensitive towards those species who cannot speak up for themselves. Is our development coming at the cost of sensitivity? Those who have grown up in villages will realize they are lucky to experience the fresh morning air or the ripe fruits plucked from the trees, things which are a rare commodity in this concrete habitat. The heat and loud honking of the traffic brought us back to our senses. As we caught an auto rickshaw before our next destination, we sat pondering upon the memories of our grandparents and how they held a special bond with the trees in their yards and gardens. The day used, to begin with, the worship of the Tulsi and the Neem in the courtyard and ended with the evening lying under the mango tree. Whether one was ill or had some need for extra finance these trees were the first that came to the rescue. We have heard numerous folk stories that trees are happiest when birds come and perch on their branches, chirping away. The branches of trees seem to dance when birds make their nests and call out to their mothers for food. We used to lay under the trees witnessing these marvelous and colorful creatures hopping around for the creation of their intricately-designed beautiful homes. Sadly, nowadays, it appears that individuals are inclined to forgo plantation, apprehensive that they may obscure their homes or produce more leaves and debris to clean up. I recollect a time when they sat together beneath the shelter of a tall oak tree, its foliage swaying softly in the wind. Amidst the fragrance of flowers and the gentle tweeting of birds, children would exchange tales and enjoy leisure time. Those were simpler times when people held nature in high regard and esteemed its beauty. As our rickshaw made its way through the bustling traffic, we were almost on the outskirts of the city. Our eyes gazed curiously over a medium-sized tree with hanging structures from its branches. From far away it appeared like hanging nests of weaver birds, but a closer look was more depressing. What appeared to be home to those happy birds, is now nothing but a cluster of hanging plastic bags. We were taken aback by this visual, it was an open example of the insensitivity of our society. The waste which should have been collected for recycling was outside, hanging, like new nests for the birds. Image Courtesy: Wurli Burli, Pixabay We forget that these trees could have become houses of birds, they had been left alone by our irresponsible behavior. Are we reshaping a different reality for the coming generations?  The children who grow up following us in society; who might never witness the hanging nests of the weaver birds; who will grow up playing virtual games unlike us, and will blossom under a concrete roof rather than in the summer heat of orchards and playgrounds - it makes one question: have we grown so insensitive towards proudly displaying our mistakes at the cost of nature? In our opinion, it is much more about the latter than the former. Today, we constantly read articles about the decline of bird populations in urban spaces. It's a fact that the effect is more prominent on native birds such as house sparrows, red-vented bulbul, sunbirds, rose-ringed parakeets, and collared doves. These multi-faceted factors are responsible for the plummeting populations of urban birds. Some of the studies by scientists show the direct and quantifiable impact of urbanization on urban fauna, while other studies indicate an indirect cause of rising temperatures and modified construction material. Image Courtesy: Author As a society, we need to come to terms with the fact that if we continue down the path of distancing from nature, we are losing touch with the big picture.  A sustainable future for all seems to be a far-off dream in a world, where we are still continuing to throw household waste in packed plastic bags. Our education needs to move from book learning of conservation for on-ground implementation through activities at the school and college levels to help young minds interact and learn from nature. It’s high time we started taking responsibility for our actions and make a conscious effort to protect the environment.  As we continued to look at the pictures from our day in the city, we couldn't help but wonder about the stories they depicted. There are ample stories about our connection with the world around us; connection with nature; our connection with ourselves; the choices we make and their impacts on the environment. This calls for a dire need to look closely and listen to those stories to revive connection. About the Author Dr. Sarika is a dedicated conservationist and climate reality leader from India, driven by a passion for environmental conservation. She has worked on various interdisciplinary projects, including Restoration by Phytoremediation, the Impact of Idol-Immersion in Varanasi, and the Effect of Global Warming on Medicinal Plants in the High-Altitude Trans-Himalaya. Awarded an M.Phil. from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for her work on Nanoparticle Toxicity Impacting Freshwater Algae, she is currently pursuing research on Socio-Ecological frameworks related to the spread of invasive species in forest ecosystems. Dr. Sarika writes scientific articles and conservation stories to share knowledge and raise awareness in the community. Her research focuses on exploring sustainable management strategies for invasive species, considering both environmental and social aspects, recognizing that conservation efforts succeed with community participation. She believes that an interdisciplinary research approach and unwavering dedication to ecological conservation can foster a global conservation community.

The report emphasizes the importance of mapping and safeguarding critical locations essential for breeding, feeding, and stopovers. Image Courtesy: Garten, Pixabay The inaugural ceremony of the State of the World's Migratory Species report, commissioned by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) for the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), underscored that the global significance of migratory species across diverse ecosystems, including oceans, land, and skies. The report highlights alarming trends, revealing that nearly half of the migratory species are experiencing population declines, with one in five facing imminent extinction due to human activities. The primary threats to migratory species identified in the report are overexploitation and habitat loss caused by human actions. Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation affect three-quarters of CMS-listed species, while seven out of ten are impacted by overexploitation. Pollution, climate change, and invasive species further compound these challenges. Urgent and coordinated efforts are advocated to protect, connect, and restore habitats, mitigate overexploitation, reduce environmental pollution, address climate change, and extend conservation efforts to all species in need. The report emphasizes the importance of mapping and safeguarding critical locations essential for breeding, feeding, and stopovers. Despite the fact that nearly 10,000 Key Biodiversity Areas being vital for migratory species, more than half are not designated as protected areas, and 58% of monitored sites are under threat due to human activities. Image Courtesy: UN Report on Migratory Species According to the IUCN Red List, one in five CMS-listed species are threatened with extinction and many are undergoing population declines. Extinction risk is rising for CMS-listed species, with considerably more species deteriorating than improving between 1988 and 2020. Across the wider group of all migratory species, levels of extinction risk are also escalating. This report further indicates there are at least 399 globally threatened or Near Threatened migratory species that are not yet benefitting from the international protection afforded by the Convention. Addressing climate change is a priority; hence, it is highlighted here, urging nations to fulfil international commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon stocks in vegetation and soils. The report stresses the need to future-proof vital sites against climate change effects and implement dynamic management measures to adapt to shifting migration patterns. Efforts to mitigate the impacts of renewable energy infrastructure expansion on migratory species are also emphasized. The report underscores the essential role of migratory species in maintaining healthy ecosystems, with billions of animals undertaking remarkable journeys across thousands of miles each year, linking different parts of the world. The State of the World's Migratory Species report offers a comprehensive overview of the conservation status, trends, and key pressures facing migratory species. It highlights ongoing conservation efforts and emphasizes the urgent need for coordinated action to safeguard these vital components of global biodiversity. Through their extraordinary journeys, migratory species offer invaluable insights into the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the profound changes affecting our planet. Access the complete report here. Author Rituraj Phukan is an environmental writer, adventurer & naturalist based out of Assam. He serves as the National Coordinator for Biodiversity, The Climate Project Foundation, and is a member of the IUCN.

By balancing economic transition with climate adaptation, banks can better align with India's evolving needs and mitigate climate risks more effectively in the future. Image Courtesy: Pixabay With the growing urgency of the climate crisis, all forces and consolidated efforts are required to build adaptation scenarios while continuing efforts for mitigation. The banking sector plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation & adaptation by financing activities that either contribute towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions or build resilience within the community. ‘Green finance’ or ‘climate finance’ is required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through investments in projects & sectors that reap environmental benefits. According to the Green Climate Fund, ‘The Financial sector plays a fundamental role in mobilizing the resources necessary to finance a low carbon economy, both through their activity as financial intermediaries and their role within the creation and placement of negotiated instruments in the markets’. For countries such as India, climate finance is required to strengthen infrastructure for development in sectors such as renewable energy, transportation (such as EVs), power, telecommunication, water management and sanitation. Image Courtesy: Nattan23, Pixabay At the COP28 recently, the UAE Leaders Declaration was announced for the promotion of a global climate financing network. The declaration calls on countries & non-country stakeholders to ensure the doubling of adaptation finance to ensure that the $100 billion goal on climate finance is achieved. Internationally, multilateral development banks (also known as the MDBs) provide low and middle-income countries that face adverse climate impacts with concessional and non-concessional funding. These group of MDBs include African Development Bank (AfDB), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the World Bank Group (WBG) and others. Image Courtesy: Pixabay Multilateral Development Banks Financing is tracked through two components which include adaptation finance and financing from mitigation projects. In 2022, the multilateral development banks reported a total of $74.2 billion in financial commitments  out of which $37.9 billion (51%) has been committed to low and middle-income economies across sectors and projects. In the same year, the MDBs also restructured their methodology for tracking adaptation finance. The new methodology as agreed promotes transparency in tracking, reporting and supporting climate action, in line with the principles & objectives of the Paris Agreement.  As for the adaptation finance in 2022, 90% has been committed to low and middle-income countries out of a total of $ 25.2 billion. Apart from this, $38.8 billion was also allocated for high-income economies which are not towards specified projects. The climate finance committed to by the MDBs has increased significantly from the years before. In 2020, the MDBs committed US $66,045 million out of which 76 per cent was dedicated to climate change mitigation and only 24 per cent was towards adaptation. Financing for the Developing World India has been a strong advocate for climate financing in the global economy. It has also worked on building its own climate financing infrastructure; however, its banking sector is unprepared to support climate action & tackle associated risks. An RBI survey in 2022 on Climate Risk and Sustainable Finance of the banking sector in India found that. The survey did not reflect a positive image of the India’s banking system in its readiness to manage climate risks and RBI made several recommendations to banks. In a new analysis in 2023 by Climate Risk Horizons, it was found that there hasn’t been any change since 2022. The key findings of the analysis revealed that only 10 out of the 34 banks surveyed have disclosed the quantum of green finance disbursements and only 8 have become part of climate initiatives such as UN principles of Responsible banking, Carbon Disclosure Project, Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), etc. None of the banks have yet set a net zero target. Image Courtesy: Sarang, Pixabay With India’s push for renewable energy and a global effort for phasing-out fossil fuel (at the recent COP28), banks now show reluctance in financing newly auctioned mines. According to the Ministry of Coal, in the last three years, 87 mines have been auctioned to private companies out of which only four are operating and the rest await financing. Financial institutions face pressure from the policy landscape of the country and an inclination towards renewables as well are the global demand to reduce exposure to fossil fuel. However, despite warnings from India’s central bank only Federal Bank Limited has excluded coal from its list for loans. While the impact of climate economy dynamics on India's banking sector has become increasingly evident, there remains a pressing need for more substantive actions to integrate banking into climate financing initiatives. India continues to generate 73% of its power from the coal sector. Despite this urgency, India's heavy reliance on coal for power generation poses a significant challenge, as a sudden financial disengagement from the coal sector could disrupt the country's energy supply and impede its developmental goals. Although the RBI has taken active measures for the banking sector in 2022, to promote sustainable financing, subsequent inaction by banks—particularly public sector institutions—underscores the urgency of mandating the banking sector to reallocate resources responsibly. By balancing economic transition with climate adaptation, banks can better align with India's evolving needs and mitigate climate risks more effectively in the future. Author: Anusha Arif is a research associate at the Social Policy Research Foundation (SPRF), New Delhi. Her work mainly focuses on climate change and sustainability. She is a policy researcher and lawyer with an LL.M. in Environment Law. Anusha aims to bring valuable insight into climate change policy and related areas by addressing the world's complex challenges through her work.

Owing to its potential, the Government of India recognizes Blue Economy as one of the ten core dimensions of group under its Vision for New India by 2030. Image Courtesy: Pixabay The term ‘blue economy’ as defined by the World Bank is the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems. In the Indian context, blue economy means several economic opportunities emerging from the ocean & marine ecosystems. Generally, blue economy synthesizes four broad aspects including food security, water resources and conservation, livelihoods, and climate change mitigation. To give a quantified outlook, India with an over 7,500-km long coastline is the third largest fish producing and second largest aquaculture fish producing country in the world. Owing to its potential, the Government of India recognizes Blue Economy as one of the ten core dimensions of group under its Vision for New India by 2030. India’s blue economy strategy and framework can leverage not only economic benefits but also contribute to building climate resilience and mitigation through innovative & environmental consciousness. The Draft policy framework on India’s Blue Economy as presented by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister in 2020, focused on developing blue economy legislation and enhanced capacities as medium term goals. The draft also mooted for the creation of a National Accounting Framework for collection of data and scientific collaboration for specific tools & technologies and establishment of a maritime development fund. Image Courtesy: Pixabay Another important aspect of the policy framework mentioned coastal tourism, highlighting significant potential along with the need to apply the carrying capacity of coastal ecosystems especially in fragile island territories. For example, it argued for the establishment of impact assessments to map tourist arrivals, infrastructure, and major attractions along with benchmarking standards such as eco-labelling, sustainability procedures and waste management systems for beaches. Key Sectors of the Blue Economy Blue economy in India covers many sectors & industries. At current, the blue economy in India account for roughly 4% of the GDP. Among the exhaustively long list of sectors that are fundamental in improving the blue economy mechanism of the country are water transport, fishery & aquaculture, mineral exploration, coastal management & governance. Shipbuilding and shipping are also important aspects of blue economy in India. Image Courtesy: Pixabay Fisheries sector is one of the most important sectors that contributes not only to the economy and livelihoods but also to food security in the country. The fishing industry in India remains heavily dependent on capturing fish for its 11 million metric tonne supply which however does not match the growing demand of about 18 million metric tonnes for fish. Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture which uses captive breeding and mass production technologies for high-value marine fish species. Currently, marine aquaculture remains limited in practice in India. Another practice of saline water aquaculture traditionally practiced in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu called Brackish water fish farming is also on the rise in the country. The government set up an action plan for Mission Brackish Water/Saline Aquaculture in 2017.  In its plan, the government identified additional states such as Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, Goa, and Gujarat for implementation of the practice. A key sector highlighted by the government’s draft policy on Blue Economy is that of Marine Tourism   which aims to use the example of European Union to develop its maritime and coastal tourism sector. The EU Communication had addressed some key challenges of improving knowledge through specific indicators and addressing volatile tourism demand. It thus provided a blueprint to focus on tourism in a fragile ecosystem with environmental pressures. Challenges and Opportunities Adopting a blueprint from the EU comes with its own challenges of understanding localized challenges for India. Much of the blue economy is directly connected to the coastal communities, their practices, livelihoods, and direct impacts from climate change. Thus, it is also important to consider their specific needs & demands in incorporating a policy framework. When discussing the blue economy, it is important to find a balance between taking advantage of the opportunities as well as recognizing the threat to ocean resources due to economic exploitations. Some of the direct challenges are climate change and marine pollution that affect the fishing industry. Enabling tourism can also add to the already aggravating issue of pollution. On the other hand, the blue economy also provides ample resources for India’s renewable energy exploration. The offshore wind energy sector which is being facilitated by the government with projects across Tamil Nadu gives a great opportunity for exploration & use of ocean energy and sea-bed leasing. In conclusion, while the Blue Economy holds great potential for India across sectors and multiple opportunities to harness the vast maritime resources for sustainable growth. However, there is a need for integration of innovative solutions, international cooperation, inclusive policies as well as a well-formed regulatory framework to propel the Blue Economy in India. Author: Anusha Arif is a research associate at the Social Policy Research Foundation (SPRF), New Delhi. Her work mainly focuses on climate change and sustainability. She is a policy researcher and lawyer with an LL.M. in Environment Law. Anusha aims to bring valuable insight into climate change policy and related areas by addressing the world's complex challenges through her work.

Photo Courtesy: Pixabay The 28th UN Climate Conference (COP28) unfolded as a familiar spectacle of diplomatic theatrics, where the urgency of addressing climate change once again collided with the business-as-usual approach. The conference kicked off with seemingly landmark decisions, including the operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund, backed by around US$ 800 million from developed nations. The result of the first Global Stocktake, a key outcome of the 2015 Paris Agreement, extended its discussions, eventually yielding the ‘UAE Consensus’ that marked the first UN climate deal to mention 'fossil fuels.' Despite these developments, the reality check from the Global Stocktake revealed that the world is far from achieving climate targets. The data collected underscored the inadequacy of current climate actions, with the ominous conclusion that the world is nowhere close to limiting global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, let alone the more ambitious 1.5 degrees. The Loss and Damage Fund, initially touted as progress, raised eyebrows with its US$ 800 million commitment, falling way short of the US$ 100 billion annually that the developed nations had committed to provide developing countries after the Paris Agreement. Adaptation finance discussions also fell short, with a much-weakened commitment to bridge the financial gap. Climate finance, a long-standing issue since Paris, continued to follow the same pattern of indecision. The procrastination in setting a new collective quantified goal, now pushed beyond 2025, showcased a lack of urgency in providing adequate resources for climate initiatives. The discussion on carbon markets, governed by Article 6, continued to achieve challenges, with political disagreements hindering progress. The just transition concept acknowledged the socio-economic impacts of climate change but struggled to address systemic inequalities. Concerns were raised about carbon sinks as well as carbon capture and storage, with many initiatives posing risks of greenwashing and ecosystem transformation. Nature conservation received limited attention, despite its potential as a solution, with investments in harmful activities far exceeding those in nature-based solutions. Photo Courtesy: Pexels On a slightly positive note, businesses showed increasing interest in climate initiatives, as exemplified by the UAE's announcement of the ALTÉRRA fund. However, the overall sentiment remained cautious, with hopes pinned on subsequent COPs for more substantial progress. Amid the cynicism, some silver linings emerged, such as the inclusion of language on fossil fuels and the growing capacity of renewable energy. Adaptation secured a permanent seat at the table, emphasizing the role of science in shaping future climate policies. The conference's outcome left an impression of incremental progress but underscored the need for more sincere and tangible actions to address the looming climate crisis. While striving to build momentum around the positive outcomes, we must ultimately call for an honest acknowledgment of humanity's role in climate change and the urgency for genuine response. About the Author: Parth Joshi is a Climate Reality Leader at The Climate Reality Project Foundation. He is also the National Livelihoods Specialist, SECURE Himalaya at UNDP. He is an enthusiastic expeditioner/ mountaineer, and a nature and wildlife photographer.

A Promise for a Resilient Future for Women, Children and Adolescents on Climate Action and Health Photo Courtesy: Markus Spiske, Pexels The world witnessed an important first for UNFCCC COP28: a dedicated Health Day that saw the agreement of a Climate and Health Declaration signed by over 120 Member States. This development comes as the negotiations for the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) on climate change continue to unfold in Dubai. The global health community is buzzing with excitement at this extraordinary promise, which represents a huge step forward in recognizing and addressing the crucial connection between health and climate change. With that mesmerizing achievement, I, Tasnia Ahmed, joined the session as a speaker on ‘Delivering changes by institutionalizing youth participation’ at the Climate Live pavilion by Climate Forward Global, NDC findings presentation in the sessions, followed by the process of Bangladesh factsheet development on climate and SRHR, by UNFPA and session speaker at networking workshop by women and gender constituency. She was also interviewed by the Africa News on sharing the climax of climate and SRHR. Moreover, she joined the climate reality networking reception with the climate reality alumnus. “While the COP28 Climate and Health Declaration does not formally refer to women's, children's, and adolescent health (WCAH), it is important for us to continue advocating for the explicit recognition of the disproportionate impacts of climate change on these diversified vulnerable groups as this remains crucial for effective, just and equitable gender solutions to climate action, and to protect health”, says Tasnia Ahmed, Climate Reality leader, PMNCH Adolescent and Youth Constituency Member,  SERAC Bangladesh Program Manager and UNFPA Joint Youth Working Group on SRHR and Climate Change COP28 Delegate, “Let us not forget that climate change is the biggest intergenerational injustice of our times. We need to be engaged in the decision-making affecting our future.” Climate change is the greatest intergenerational injustice of our times, and we have no time to waste. The aim will not just remain a statement but that governments deliver on their obligations and drive transformative change in each country to ensure better, just, and equitable integration of health considerations into climate policy processes, and of climate considerations across health policy agendas. There is an unbreakable relationship between gender equality, sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), and climate change in terms of consideration of young demands. To effectively address climate change, build resilience, and promote climate justice, SRHR is essential and it must be promoted so that extra resources have been allocated especially for vulnerable communities. Photo Courtesy: Markus Spiske For investors, climate change is a significant source of both opportunity and risk. to reach the CO2 stabilization level that is deemed to be reasonably safe, and also secured for pregnant mothers as salinity is increased in climate-prone areas and polluted air makes it clumsier and a barrier to healthy life. So, investment in climate and SRHR can be the source of empowerment for women. So only .76 finding is not enough where capacity building for women, more advocacy and power authority must be created for young women and adolescent girls. Collaboration and multidisciplinary partnerships are urged, so that SRHR integration can be considered at the country level to global level and disaster policy programs. Gender and reproductive health rights must be addressed in the national plan of action and youth integration is a must for policy and operational plan development so that insights have been shared with full attention. About the Author: Tasnia Ahmed is a youth development expert on public health and climate action working for 7 years professionally and over a decade of volunteerism. She is working as a Program Manager at SERAC. She is heavily involved with the UNFPA Youth Task-force Committee on Population, SRHR, and Climate Action; NDC Reviewer; serves as CSO Asia Representative of the GFF-CSCG steering committee, Country Coordinator of Global South Coalition of Dignified Menstruation, Representative of the International Youth Alliance of Family Planning-Bangladesh, WORTH fellow on Climate Action and Women Empowerment, and Fellow of Climate Reality Leadership Program. She trained up to 13,000 youths and adolescents on leadership, and comprehensive sexuality education, and collected endorsements from 27 Parliament Members to seek support for it. She has spearheaded projects with USAID, Pathfinder International, Plan-International, Rutgers, IPPF, PAI, Dance4Life, Global Affairs Canada, PRB, HealthBridge Foundation of Canada, Nuffic, KIT, and Share-net International. She received the Special Mention Award (Youth Activist) at the Women Leadership Summit 2018. She has represented young people at several international meetings and conferences including COP28, COP27, Women Deliver 2023, Co-Creation Conference 2022, Girls not Brides Global Meeting, COP26, African Regional Forum on Sustainable Development, WHO Youth Town Hall, World Youth Summit 2021 (Online), Regional Climate Summit 2023, 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive, Sexual Health and Rights, SRHR Knowledge Fair, and International Association for Adolescent Health (IAAH). She is also mobilizing young activists in Bangladesh to raise awareness about the importance of nutrition and advocate for it at both the local and national levels. She is the national coordinator of the Youth Coalition of Climate Justice (YCCJ) in Bangladesh and facilitates 27 civil society organizations for climate action. She is the Global Vice-versa Champion.

Hosted this year by the United Arab Emirates, a nation traditionally associated with fossil fuels, and with 2023 being the hottest year ever recorded, COP28 set a stage that was unprecedented and crucial. Over 97000 people were present at this Conference of Parties to play their role in this fight against the climate crisis and shape the trajectory of humanity’s future. I had the privilege of being one of them. I was serving as the COP28 Communications Coordinator for YOUNGO, the official Children and Youth Constituency of UNFCCC, I found myself burying myself everyday into the nitty gritties of this global dialogue, taking up Press duties and even organising demonstrations via YOUNGO. COP28, being my first COP experience, on ground, I was determined to make it count. From High Level Interviews with David Carlin, Head of Climate Risk and TCFD, UNEP, and the Al Gore, Former Vice President of the USA & Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to a daily news broadcast to COP28 Periodic Newsletter, the YOUNGO Communications Unit led the way to keep young people across the globe updated about the happenings at COP28 and showcased our commitment to amplifying the youth voice on a global stage. As COP28 was slowly winding down, from the mighty number of 97000 people just a few thousand resilient individuals remained. Young people still refusing to be silenced, organised protests and actions, symbolising a united front against climate inaction. The fight against fossil fuels persisted. A standout moment was playing a role in the motion of solidarity to express our disapproval of the removal of the “Fossil Fuel Phase-Out” language from the negotiation text. In that moment, surrounded by like-minded individuals, I felt the power of collective action and the significance of our presence at COP28. The aftermath of COP28 presents a mixed bag of outcomes. A definite win emerged with the inclusion of the words "Transition away from Fossil Fuel." However, the lingering gaps in ambition, concrete planning, and guidelines for climate finance disbursement remain glaring issues. Since COP28 began, we have witnessed over 12 climate-related disasters. This serves as a stark reminder that the climate crisis is not a problem for the future but of today whose immediate impacts can be felt in vulnerable regions worldwide. As we reflect on the achievements and shortcomings of COP28, a definite win emerged with the inclusion of the words "Transition away from Fossil Fuel." However, the lingering gaps in ambition, concrete planning, and guidelines for climate finance disbursement remain glaring issues. The hope lies in nations following through on their commitments. Looking ahead to COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, I am yet again hopeful for an agreement that embraces ambition, adheres to timelines and science, and ensures that no one is left behind. Sagar believes that the enthusiasm he has witnessed during COP28, empowers his hope to see a better and greener world tomorrow. Author Sagar Kalra is a Climate Reality Leader (batch 2023). Watch his video during COP28 here.

In light of the escalating devastation caused by the interconnected effects of climate change, COP28 was deemed crucial for making a resolute commitment to transition away from the use of planet-warming fossil fuels and to uphold the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Unfortunately, disagreements arose over the Global Stocktake (GST), a mandated progress report under the Paris Agreement designed to evaluate countries' collective efforts through policies and measures. The disagreement stemmed from the first GST this year, which will be followed by subsequent assessments every five years. The “UAE Consensus” encourages parties to come forward in their next nationally determined contributions with ambitious, economy-wide emission reduction targets, covering all GHGs, sectors and categories and aligned with limiting global warming to 1.5°C. It also calls on parties to contribute, in a nationally determined manner, to global efforts on tripling renewable energy capacity globally and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030 and accelerate efforts towards the phase down of unabated coal power. For the first time, the outcome document talks about transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly, and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science. Over a hundred countries and civil society organizations were demanding the “phase-out” of fossil fuels to be included in the text, but the compromise must be seen as a progress.Notable advancements on climate finance were scarce during the conference, except for the initiation of the Loss and Damage Fund on the conference's opening day. Attention is now directed towards the development of a new finance regime, with COP29 in Azerbaijan anticipated as the next pivotal stage in global climate negotiations. The expectation is for improvements and progress to come in the upcoming phases. Author: Rituraj Phukan is an environmental writer, adventurer & naturalist based out of Assam. He serves as the National Coordinator for Biodiversity, Climate Reality India and is a member of the IUCN.

Jammu and Kashmir, the picturesque heaven on Earth is not spared from the wrath of climate change. They grapple with severe environmental degradation, largely attributed to human activities like deforestation, vehicular pollution, and industrialization, resulting in pollution and biodiversity loss. According to a study, approximately 14,000 hectares of forest area have been encroached upon, constituting just 10.46% of the region. Image Courtesy: Mohd. Rashid, Pixabay Jammu and Kashmir, the picturesque heaven on Earth is not spared from the wrath of climate change. They grapple with severe environmental degradation, largely attributed to human activities like deforestation, vehicular pollution, and industrialization, resulting in pollution and biodiversity loss. According to a study, approximately 14,000 hectares of forest area have been encroached upon, constituting just 10.46% of the region. Water pollution with human and animal waste disposal degrading the water quality, and shrinking water bodies have become significant concerns. Glacial melting adversely impacts food, water, and energy sectors, a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel usage. The region, deemed as an "eco-fragile zone," faces challenges from global warming, unplanned urbanization, and encroachment on water bodies, as outlined in the J&K Environmental Policy, 2018. Addressing these issues necessitates widespread environmental education for ecological restoration. However, on the other hand, we have with us Sheezana Rasool from Kashmir, who has beautifully narrated that despite all the challenges, Kashmir also has a sustainable facet. Let’s hear more from Sheezan. “Agar firdaus bar-rū-e-zamīñ ast hamīñ ast o hamīñ ast o hamīñ ast” ― Amir Khusrau Around the 13th century, a famous Persian poet said of Kashmir, "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this." This statement still holds true even today and is reverberated by the travelers who come to experience nature in its most exquisite form in the center of the Himalayas. We live in the 21st century where technology, bioweapons and artificial intelligence is trending. Climate change is happening and people adapting more sustainable ways of living is the only way we can lessen the human made burden on the environment. Images' Courtesy: Author Some of the Kashmir's cultural and traditional practices are enduring and could serve as models for other cultures to adopt. Of the total population of Jammu and Kashmir state, around 72.62% live in rural areas (Census 2011). Therefore, agriculture takes the front seat in terms of occupation besides other sources of earning. Consequently, most of the households have a kitchen garden also. This reduces the visits to the market and makes one shop less which is one of the best sustainability examples in everyday life. However, the climate change has affected the Kashmir’s Agriculture industry is no less than others. Images' Courtesy: Author With reduction in rainfall, the rain-fed agriculture will suffer the most. Horticultural crops like apple are also showing decline in production and a real coverage particularly due to decline in snowfall thermal stress effects, on livestock productivity has its effects. Nearly 1 million families are associated with Kashmir's $1.25-million apple industry as per a study. This major industry in the area has suffered a serious setback due to an almost 30% fall in apple production, leaving farming families with enormous debts (climate change imperils Kashmiri apples, 18 august 2022, DW). Image Courtesy: Author Vulnerability Profiling and Climate Sensitivity along with climate change projections of the J&K needs to be undertaken for better understanding of the climate issues confronting J&K. Weddings are an integral part of every society. The event generally involves several hundred to thousand people. Aah, we cannpt miss our favourite Wazwaan!! Image Courtesy: Author Therefore, making weddings sustainable is equally important. Fortunately, Kashmiri weddings are as sustainable as they are lavish. Owing to our Persian ancestor Syed Ali Hamdani all the meals in a Kashmiri wedding are served in a traditional Trami which is a big round copper plate in which four people eat together (Copper Crafts: Traditional Kashmiri Utensils, march 16 2022, Nation First). This eliminates the need for disposables and can be used repeatedly after washing. Image Courtesy: Author Even in homes food is served in copper utensils only. Plates, bowls, jugs, glasses, spoons etc. everything is made from copper and used from one generation to another. This reduces the need for shopping because they are immune to breakage and spoilage and passed on from one generation to another. Another example of a sustainable culture from Kashmir is the local bread called ‘cxhouth’ that is consumed by the people of Kashmir. Every lane in Kashmir has its own bread maker who is called a ‘Kaandur’. Fresh bread is prepared every day and consumed by the people in same day. As a result, people do not consume the packaged breads therefore considerably reducing the need for plastic packaging. In fact, all the bakery in Kashmir which includes different types of kulchas, baker khani, biscuits, etc. is locally made and sold as such without any packaging while maintaining the hygiene and food safety. We rely a lot on local produces, locally transported and local vendors; hence adding to carbon neutrality/ net zero approach. Consequently, less preservation, refrigeration, packaging, disposal, etc. is required. People therefore favour locally produced, freshly manufactured goods over those that are packaged. In fact, it's unusual to see a Kashmiri purchasing a packet of bread. In our daily lives there is so much that we can do to save our environment and our dear planet by making informed choices about the same. The idea of sustenance simply means everyone is taken care of. Image Courtesy: Author By thinking equally about the interests of our own selves and those we think we have nothing to do with we can promise a better future for us and those who would come from us in the times to come. The ecosystem that sustains us is a combination of things which functions when every part is right in its place. By taking care of some other component we are actually taking care of our own selves and that’s the beauty of nature ‘You are receiving what you are giving away’. Ms. Sheezana Rasool About the Author Sheezana Rasool is an agricultural scientist pioneering change at the nexus of science, women's health, and social activism, particularly in conflict-ridden areas like her native Kashmir. Armed with an M.Sc in Agricultural Sciences, she employs cutting-edge technologies to revolutionize farming in South Asian countries facing climate vulnerabilities. Ms. Sheezana passionately dismantles barriers hindering women's progress in marginalized communities. Coming from Kashmir, she understands the impact of socio-political instability, especially on women. Her journey began with a vision to turn adversity into opportunity, implementing innovative farming techniques to enhance crop yields and environmental sustainability in conflict zones. Beyond agriculture, Ms. Sheezana advocates fiercely for menstrual health in regions where such conversations are often silenced. Recognizing the challenges faced by women in conflict zones, she demystifies menstrual health, providing hygiene resources, benefiting nearly 500,000 women and challenging cultural taboos. In 2017, Ms. Sheezana founded the non-profit "Agaaz International," leading initiatives for women's empowerment in minority groups, tribals, and border residents. Through education, vocational training, and healthcare programs, the organization fosters self-reliance and resilience, narrowing the gender gap. Under her leadership, Agaaz International has made significant strides, empowering women to become community leaders through partnerships and grassroots efforts. Sheezana Rasool's story illustrates the transformative power of merging scientific expertise with a commitment to social justice. Her impact extends globally, inspiring change because she believes that every life must matter, irrespective of religion, creed, or gender. References 1. https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/jammu+and+kashmir.html 2. https://www.dw.com/en/how-climate-change-threatens-kashmirs-crucialapple-industry/a-62849026 3. https://indianationfirst.in/art-culture-jammu-kashmir/copper-crafts-traditional-kashmiri-utensils/#:~:text=It%20is%20believed%20that%20copperware%20was%20intr